All that virtue can afford is quietness of conscience and a steady prospect of a happier state; this may enable us to endure calamity with patience, but remember that endurance must suppose pain. Conscience (conscientia), as a subjective mode of revelation, is closely related to the sense of divinity. Conscience too, is part of the native endowment of all humans, written upon the heart of all. It is sort of knowledge whose object is God’s will; or, equivalently, the difference between good and evil, the law of God, or the law of nature. Inward law written, even engraved, upon the hearts of all, in a sense asserts the very same things that are to be learned from the [Decalogue]. Decalogue is the Ten Commandments, the list of ethical principles in Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:4-21 in the Holy Bible. It is a basic set of rules carrying binding authority. The Decalogue requires perfect love of God and of our neighbor. Of all liars and false accusers, a sick conscience is the most inventive and indefatigable. However, no evil is insupportable (unable to be endured; intolerable), but that which is accompanied with consciousness of wrong. 

The subjective awareness of divinity and of its will can be supplemented by reflecting on the structure of the external World and the pattern of history. [God has] not only sowed in human’s minds that seed of religion of which we have spoken but revealed himself and daily discloses himself in the whole work-human-ship of the Universe. As a consequence, humans cannot open their eyes without being compelled to see God. The Universe is a large book, a mirror, and a theater for the display of God’s attributes—preeminently for the display of his goodness to us but also of his glory, wisdom, power, and justice. God can be known through his works, but not by speculation concerning his essence. It is by nourishing God’s sense of divinity and his conscience, with the contemplation of God’s works, that humans can in principle arrive at a knowledge of God. We know that God is everywhere; but certainly, we feel his presence when his works are on the grandest scale spread before us; and it is in the unclouded night-sky, where his Worlds wheel their silent course, that we read clearest his infinitude, his omnipotence, his omnipresence. 

When you would conceive of the great Being truly and fully, you must be able to realize the duration of eternity, obliterate the little periods of time and chronology, which require a starting and resting-place in our human minds—soar out of the reach of the sickly atmospheres which surround these little planets, and stand straight in the broad and fathomless light of God’s own atmosphere. Nothing, but vast wisdom and unlimited power should dare to sweep off humans in multitudes; for it is only the one that can know the necessity of the judgment; and what is there, short of the other, that can replace the creatures of the Lord? Human folly is not needed to fill up the great design of God. There is no stature, no beauty, no proportions, nor any colours in which humans themselves can well be fashioned, that is not already done to their hands. Humans only reap the harvest they have sown in the World. Even in this life, God is just. Long may it remain in this mixed World a point not easy of decision, which is the more beautiful of the Almighty’s goodness—the delicate fingers that are formed for sensitiveness and sympathy of touch, and made to minister to pain and grief, or the rough hard hand, that the heart teaches, guides, and softens in a moment 

Sin is a resistance to God’s demands. Thus, sin is not primarily ignorance about God; although such ignorance, or blindness will always be a consequence. Sin is an active willful opposition to God, as a positive refusal to acknowledge his demands of worship and obedience and as a deliberate alienation from him. Its prime characteristic is perversity, and its root is ordinarily pride and self-love.  A person who does not know God because he or she refuses to worship and obey him can still know or believe a variety of propositions about God that happen to be true. I hold with Christ that afflictions are not sent by God in wrath as penalties for sin. Human’s natural ability to know God is the greatest genius. Certainly, I do not deny that one can read competent and apt statements about here and there in the philosophers. However, knowing or believing competent and apt proposition about is not sufficient for knowing God; human’s proud refusal to worship and obey God led them to resist acknowledging the truth about God. Sin, although primarily a matter of the will, infects human’s reason as well. 

Perversity leads to blindness and distortion, and these people infected by sin always show a giddy imagination. Their seeing does not direct them to the truth, much less enable them to attaint it. Thus, human’s willful alienation from God is not merely that one does not know God, but also that one’s views about God are not so incomplete and distorted that nothing at all can be built on them. People who do not know God are always infuriated and ignorant because the effects of sin are far more pervasive then have been indicated. Not only does sin disrupt human’s relation to God; it thereby spreads corruption throughout the whole of human, animal, and plant life. Of course, sin does not impair the human’s natural faculties as such, not immediately, anyway. Reason and will are humanities chief faculties, and human beings in sin may be as intelligent and as capable of making decisions as the individual who knows God. The corruption is to be found, rather, in the use we make of our native capacities. The greatest spirits, when overwhelmed by their afflictions, are subject to the greatest dejections. 

Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted for too long a series of generations in the same worn-out soil. If we are to state accurately what sin does to human’s use of their native talents, we must distinguish between human’s supernatural gifts, their abilities concerning Heavenly things, and their natural gifts, and their abilities concerning Earthly things. The supernatural gifts comprise human’s ability to know God, to worship him properly, and to obey him inwardly as well as outwardly. However, we have been stripped of these gifts. The natural gifts pertain to matters of the present life, such as government, household management, all mechanical skills, and the liberal arts. Concerning these, our abilities have certainly not been destroyed. Not only are ancient law, medicine, and natural philosophy worthy of the highest admiration, but humans, even in their estrangement from God, retains some sense of the laws that must be obeyed if human society is to be preserved. Humans, through natural instinct, are supposed to foster and preserve society.  

Consequently, we observe that there exist in all human’s minds Universal impressions of a certain civic fair dealing and order…And this is ample proof in the arrangement of this life no human is without the light of reason. However, although the human’s abilities concerning Earthly things have not been destroyed, they have been profoundly corrupted. Both reason and will have been gravely wounded; the mind is both weak and plunged into deep darkness. And depravity of the will is all too well known. If human’s natural gifts are to be restored, their sin must be overcome; they must come to know God. We have already seen that for this purpose human’s conscience, their sense of divinity, and their awareness of God’s revelation in the objective World are all inadequate. How can you remove God from a World he created, and expect people to behave? Because they are not God’s people. They worship meaningless paper, and will burn the flesh and spill blood for paper, because that is their deity. However, God’s people know, no matter what people put you through, all this pain and suffering is better than burning in Hell for eternity. 

Thus, if human life is to be renewed, it is necessary that God should choose some special means. This he in did by revealing himself with special clarity to the World, culminating in the life and words of the Holy Bible. When God leads people to respond to this revelation with faith, then humans again knows God. Indeed, faith, consisting as it does in clear knowledge about God coupled with proper worship and true obedience, is a certain sort of knowledge of God—that sort which focuses on Christ as interpreted in the Scriptures. Thus, there is never a contrast between faith in God and knowledge of God; rather, given human’s prior perversity, faith is the only kind of knowledge of God availed to humans. Also, faith is never understood in scholastic fashion as an assent to divinely revealed propositions. Rather, the object of faith is God as revealed in Christ. The death side—in the process of sanctification, the Spirit of God will strip me down until there is nothing left but myself, and that is the place of death. Lord, show me what sanctification means for me. He will show me. It means being made one with Jesus. Sanctification is not something Jesus puts in me—it is Himself in me!