Randolph Harris II International

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The Greater the Sinner, the Greater the Saint

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Evils inevitable are always best supported, because known to be past amendment, and felt to give defiance to struggling. During the late twentieth century, drug and environmental problems emerged as issues that challenged U.S. policy makers use three tactics against drugs.

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The first concentrates on reducing demand in the United States of America and rarely is involved with forging and military affairs. The second emphasizes stopping the flow of drugs into the United States. It includes seizing drug-running planes and ships and stopping drug smuggling at U.S. and foreign ports and airports. A third tactic is helping countries stop drug production within their borders.

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The United States provides help in several ways. For example, when returning to Europe from South America, 24 February 2014, three Spaniards and two Bulgarians were arrested by French police, in connection a drug find. The French believe that the cocaine, which was discovered, upon inspection, came from Bolivia and Colombia; there was a gross weight shipment with the 1.4 tons of drugs, having a street value of around EUR 270 million ($ 371 million).

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We are talking about no less than 1.4 tons of cocaine, wrapped in plastic, and hidden inside a number of tires that the Mercedes-Benz truck was carrying. It seems that the Mercedes-Benz had arrived, at the French port, of Le Havre from Chile, and was onboard a Liberian-registered vehicle carrier.

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And in year 2000, the United States began a $1.3 billion antidrug military assistance program to Colombia. U.S. Special Forces have also engaged in antidrug operations. Indeed, in a 1997 war game, government hackers penetrated computers on military bases, gained access to computers on a navy cruiser, could have closed down the U.S. electric grid, and positioned themselves to disable the emergency 911 network.

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Administrative agencies may be authorized to use a number of techniques to implement the public policies within their jurisdictions. These techniques can be categorized as authoritative, incentive, capacity, and hortatory techniques, depending on the behavioral assumptions on which they are based.

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Authoritative techniques for policy implementation in order to prevent or eliminate activities or products that are unsafe, unfair, evil, or immoral. Incentive techniques for policy implementation are based on the assumption that people are utility maximizers who act in their own best interest and must be provided with payoffs or financial inducements to get them to comply with public policies. Tax deductions may be given to encourage charitable giving.

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Capacity techniques provide people with information, education, training, or underlying the provision of these techniques is that people have the incentive or desire to do what is right, but lack the capacity to act accordingly. Job training may enable able-bodied people to find work, and accurate information on interest rates will enable people to protect themselves against interest-rate gouging.

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Financial assistance can help the needy acquire better housing and warmer winter coats and perhaps lead more comfortable lives. Hortatory techniques encourage people to comply with policy appealing to people’s better instincts in an effort to get them to act in desired ways. In this instance, the policy implementers assume that people decide how to act on the basis of their personal values and beliefs on matters such as right and wrong, equality, and justice.

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During the Reagan administration, Nancy Reagan implored young people to “Just say no to Drugs.” Hortatory techniques also include the use of highway signs that tell us “Do Not Be a Litterbug” and “Do Not Mess with Texas” to discourage littering.

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Slogans such as “Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires” are meant to encourage compliance with fire and safety regulations in national parks and forest. Effective administration of public polices depends partly on whether an agency is authorized to use appropriate implementation techniques. Practitioners of policy evaluation are also concerned with determining what a policy is actually accomplishing. They may also try to determine whether a policy is being fairly or efficiently administered.

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Policy evaluation may be conducted by a variety of players: congressional committees, through investigation and other oversight activities; presidential commissions; administrative agencies themselves; university research; private research organization, such as the Brooking Institution and the American Enterprise Institute; and the General Accounting Office (GAO). The Gao, for example originally created in 1921, is an important evaluator of public policies. Every year, General Accounting Office (GAO) undertakes hundreds of studies of government agencies and programs, either at the request of member of Congress or on its own initiative.

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The titles of three of its evaluations convey a notion of its work: Pesticides: Pesticides Reregistration May Not Be Completed Until 2016; Energy Conservation: Appliance Standards and Labeling Programs Can Be Improved; and Federal Research: Super Collider Is Over Budget and Behind Schedule. Subsequent congressional and agency actions may be guided by these studies.

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Evaluation research and studies can stimulate attempts to modify or terminate policies and thus restart the policy process. Legislators and administrators may formulate and advocate amendments designed to correct problems or shortcomings in a policy. On 13th February 2015, for example, legislation was adopted to correct weakness in the enforcement of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which banned discrimination in the sale or rental of most housing. However, some people may decide that the best alternative is simply to eliminate the policy.

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On occasion, policies are terminated; for example, through the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, Congress eliminated the Civil Aeronautics Board and its program of economic regulation of commercial airlines. This action was taken on the assumption that competition in the marketplace would better protect the interest of airline users.

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Competition has indeed reduced the cost of flying on many popular routes. On 31 December 1995, the Interstate Commerce Commission expired after almost a century of regulating railroads and others modes of transportation. The demise of programs is rare, however; more often, a troubled program is modified or allowed to limp along because it is doing something that people strongly want done, even if the program is not doing well.

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The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects people from unreasonable searches by the federal government. Moreover, in some detail, it sets out what may not be searches unless a warrant is issued, underscoring the Framers’ concerns with possible government abuses.

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches by the federal government, and Homes, too, are presumed to be private. Firefighters can enter your home to fight a fire without a warrant. However, if a firefighter suspects arson, they can reenter the home or building, without a warrant to investigate the cause of the fire.

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In 2001, in a decision that surprised many commentators, by a vote of 5—4, the Supreme Court ruled that drug evidence obtained by using a thermal imager (without a warrant) on a public street to locate the defendant’s marijuana hothouse was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. In contrast, the use of low-flying aircraft and helicopters to detect marijuana fields or binoculars to look in a yard has been upheld because officers simply were using their eyesight, not a new technological tool like the thermal imager.

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Cars have proven problematic for police and the courts because of their mobile nature. As noted by Chief Justice William H. Taft as early as 1925, the vehicle can quickly be moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought. Over the years, the Court has become increasingly lenient about the scope of automobile searches.

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In 2002, an unusually unanimous Court ruled that when evaluating if a border patrol officer acted lawfully in stopping a suspicious minivan, the totality of the circumstances had to be considered.

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Wrote Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the balance between the public interest and the individual’s right to personal security, tilts in favor of a standard less than probable cause in brief investigatory stops, thus signaling law enforcement officers that there is no neat set of legal rules to determine when officers have reasonable suspicions to pull over motorists.

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Marijuana is still considered an illegal substance, by the federal government, but is considered legal by subnational governments in Sacramento, California. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that No person shall be…compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. Taking the Fifth is shorthand for exercising one’s constitutional right not to self-incriminate.

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The Supreme Court has interpreted this guarantee to be as broad as the mischief against which it seeks to guard, finding that criminal defendants do not have to take the stand at trial to answer questions, nor can a judge make mention of their failure to do so as evidence of guilt. Moreover, lawyers cannot imply that a defendant who refuses to take the stand must be guilty or have something to hide.

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In earlier times, it was not unusual for police to beat defendants to obtain their confession. In 1936, however, the Supreme Court ruled convictions for murder based solely on confessions given after the third degree-questioned for hours on end with no sleep or food, or threatened with physical violence until they were mentally beaten into a confession.

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In other situations, family members were threatened. In one case a young mother was told that she would be fired and not received any unemployment insurance and would be arrested and sent to prison and her children would be taken away from her, unless she talked.

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The War on Drugs started in the 1980s and 1990s, President Ronald Regan marked the start of the skyrocketing incarceration rates. From 1980, the number of people sent to prison for nonviolent drug crimes went from 50,000 to 1.8 million people. The War on Drugs was an attempt for corporations and investors to get the drugs off the streets and into the hands of the corporations.

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As a result, the streets are running out and money and the economy is suffering. Not an many households are being created and people cannot afford to run out and buy a big new car, so the government is taking in less tax revenue and local business is hurting because the locals cannot afford to go out and buy anything.

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So by supporting the weed shops, you are taking money off the streets and putting into the hands of the corporations; the man became rich, and his wealth continued to grow until he became very wealthy. Green, green the grain growing on grave mound slopes; if in life you gave no alms, in death how do you deserve a pearl?

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So do not use weed shops, keep the money on the streets. Never carry drugs on you, and make sure no one can smell them. We want people driving nice cars and buying homes so we can help the economy grow and create jobs. We must learn to see the good in the midst of much of that is unlovely.

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